Gerardo Machado y Morales was the fifth president of the Republic of Cuba from 1925 to 1933. Born in Santa Clara, Las Villas, Cuba on 28 September 1871 to Gerardo Machado y Castellón and Lutgarda Morales Yanes, Machado was the youngest general of the Cuban War of Independence (1895-1898), rising to the rank of brigadier general. After the war, he served as mayor of Santa Clara during the American occupation (1898-1902). Machado's political activities led him to join the Liberal Party, and he was its candidate for governor of Las Villas province in 1908 but was defeated. Despite this defeat, Machado served in various posts under the government of José Miguel Gómez, including a stint as Secretary of the Interior until 1912. For the next 12 years, Machado remained an active member of the Liberal Party but was not did not run for any office. During this time he focused his attention on his business endeavors, which included a sugar mill, the Central Carmita, and interests in Cuba's electrical industry, serving as vice president of the Compañía Cubana de Electricidad. It is also in these years that Machado married his cousin, Elvira Machado Nodal. Together they had three daughters: Laudelina (Nena), Angela Elvira, and Berta.

In 1924, Machado was elected president of the Republic of Cuba. During his first term from 1925 to 1928, Machado instituted a major public works program. This program included the construction of Cuba's Central Highway, the Capitolio Nacional, and many new public buildings, schools, hospitals, and roads. Before the end of his term, the Constituent Assembly amended the Cuban Constitution to create a six-year presidential term. Machado was re-elected in 1928 and under the new law, he would serve as president until 1935. Machado's second term was strife with internal conflict and economic turmoil. Sugar prices fell drastically and many Cubans became unemployed. With growing unrest, in 1930 Machado authorized police forces to break up political meetings and demonstrations, decreeing them illegal. The opposition to Machado and his government grew, and his repressive measures intensified. In 1932, Machado suspended the Constitution, and in 1933, US president Franklin D. Roosevelt instructed Ambassador Sumner Welles to mediate between Machado and opposition forces. Welles' efforts failed, a general strike was called, and on 12 August 1933, Gerardo Machado was forced into exile.

Machado's family took refuge in the United States. His wife Elvira and their three daughters and their families settled in New York. Machado went into exile in Nassau, the Bahamas. He could not immediately join his family in the US as there was the possibility that he would be extradited to Cuba. In the meantime, Machado traveled to the Dominican Republic, Europe, Bermuda, and Montreal. In 1936, Machado joined his family in New York, and the following year they moved to Miami Beach. On 29 March 1939, Gerardo Machado passed away. He is buried in Miami's Woodlawn Cemetery.

The Gerardo Machado y Morales Collection was donated to the Cuban Heritage Collection in 1992 by Machado's great-grandson, Francisco X. Santeiro.

The Gerardo Machado y Morales Collection consists primarily of the correspondence, business and legal documents, and photographs of Machado and his family in their years of exile after 1933. The bulk of the materials in this collection make up Series I: Correspondence, 1923-1940 and Series IV: Financial Records, 1913-1939. Most of the correspondence in Series I is between Machado and his son-in-law Baldomero Grau, who was married to Machado's daughter Laudelina (Nena), and deals with Machado's business concerns in Cuba as well as matters pertaining to his family's life in exile.

Of note is Series VIII: Photographs, n.d., ca. 1895-1994, which include several photographs of Machado throughout his life, photographs of his family in Cuba and in exile, as well as photographs of the Machado sugar estate, the Central Carmita. Also included in this collection is a manuscript of Machado's autobiographical work, Ocho Años de Lucha, in Series II: Works, n.d., 1933 as well as research materials related to Gerardo Machado gathered from the US National Archives and Records Administration by the collection donor, Francisco X. Santeiro (Series V: Extradition and Amnesty, 1925-1938 and Series IX: Funeral, n.d., 1939-1952).

Series X contains materials pertaining to Machado's son-in-law José Emilio Obregón, who was married to Angela Elvira Machado.

Series II: Works, n.d., 1933
Organization: Sub-series A. By Machado, n.d. and Sub-series B. By Others, n.d., 1933
Volume: Six folders (Box 5)

Series II contains an English and Spanish typescript of Machado's autobiographical work, Ocho Años de Lucha, along with several brief works and papers by other authors, including "Memorias de Carlos Machado" by Antonio Iraizoz.

Series III: Speeches, 1925-1929
Volume: Two folders (Box 6)

This series consists of speeches delivered by Machado during his presidency.

Series V: Extradition and Amnesty, 1925-1961
Organization: Sub-series A. U.S. Department of State, 1925-1934 and Sub-series B. Extradition, 1928-1961
Volume: 17 folders (Boxes 14-15) 

Series V consists of documents and correspondence related to the case for Machado's extradition to Cuba and the subsequent amnesty granted by the United States.

Series VI: Legal Documents, n.d., 1919-1939
Volume: Seven folders (Box 16) 

In this series are legal documents regarding Cuban governmental matters and Machado's last will.

Series VII: Publications, n.d., 1925-1989
Organization: Sub-series A. Books, 1927-1928; Sub-series B. Articles about Machado, 1925-1972; and Sub-series C. Publications by and about Others, n.d., 1929-1989
Volume: 16 folders (Boxes 17-21) 

This series includes yearbooks of Machado's administration as well as periodicals, magazines, press releases, and newspaper clippings mostly related to his exile. It also contains pamphlets written by Orestes Ferrara.

Series VIII: Photographs, n.d., ca. 1895-1994
Volume: 17 folders (Box 22)

Series VIII contains photographic prints and negatives and includes photographs of Machado, members of his government, public works accomplished during his term of presidency, as well as images of Machado's family and their lives in exile. This series also contains photographs of Central Carmita and Machado's funeral. 

Series IX: Funeral, n.d., 1939-1952
Volume: Four folders (Boxes 23-24)

This small series contains photographs and memorabilia of Machado's funeral and includes the Cuban flag that draped his casket.

Series X: José Emilio Obregón Papers, 1873-1989 (bulk dates 1930-1960)
Volume: 17 folders (Boxes 25-26) 

This series contains the correspondence, photographs, and legal and other documents of José Emilio Obregón, the husband of Machado's daughter, Angela Elvira.

Cuba 1933: Comienza la nueva Cuba. Miami, Fla. Empresas Recuento, 1975.

González Peraza, Carlos. Machado: Crímenes y horrores de un régimen. Habana: "Cultural, s.a.," 1933.

Grau San Martín, Ramón. La revolución cubana ante América: Tres conferencias en el Centro de Estudios Pedagógicos e Hispano-Americanos de Panamá. México: Imprenta Manuel León Sánchez, s.c.l., 1936.

Guas Inclán, Rafael. El general Gerardo Machado y Morales, Presidente de la República y la Organización del Estado Cubano. Habana: s.n., 1956.

Hernandez, Roberto E. "The Second Administration of President Gerardo Machado y Morales in Cuba, 1928-1933." Thesis. Georgia State University, 1971.

Hernández Catá, Alfonso. Un cementerio en las Antillas. Madrid: Imp. de G. Saéz, 1933.

Ibarra Guitart, Jorge Renato. La mediación del 33: ocaso del machadato. La Habana: Editora Política, 1999.

Jackman, Francis V. "America's Cuban Policy during the Period of the Machado Regime." Diss. Catholic University of America, 1964.

Jorge, Guillermo J. Administración del presidente general Gerardo Machado y Morales. Miami, Fla. Patronato Ramón Guiteras Intercultural Center (Ramón Guiteras Memorial Library), 1985.

Kesaris, Paul, ed. Confidential U.S. Diplomatic Post Records, Central America, Cuba, 1930-1945. Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1985.

Lamar Schweyer, Alberto. Cómo cayó el presidente Machado. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, s. a., 1934.

López Civeira, Francisca. El proceso revolucionario de los años 30. La Habana: Editorial "Félix Varela," 2000.

Lumen, Enrique. La revolución cubana, 1902-1934: Crónica de nuestro tiempo. México: Ediciones Botas, 1934.

Machado y Morales, Gerardo. Manifiesto al país. Habana: Talleres Tipográficos de P. Fernández y Ca., 1929.

-----. Por la patria libre: discursos pronunciados por el General Gerardo Machado y Morales, Presidente de la República de Cuba, durante su excursión a las provincias de Oriente y Camagüey del 21 al 26 de junio de 1926. Habana: Imp. de F. Verdugo, 1926.

Machado y Morales, Gerardo and Antonio Berenguer y Sed, ed. General Gerardo Machado y Morales: sus discursos y su obra de gobierno. Habana: Rambla, Bouza, 1926-1930.

Machado y Morales, Gerardo and Mario Gajate, ed. Ocho años de lucha. Miami, Fla. Ediciones Históricas Cubanas, 1982.

Osa, Enrique de la. Crónica del año 33. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1989.

Phillips, Ruby Hart. Cuban Sideshow. Havana: Cuban Press, 1935.

Raby, David L. The Cuban Pre-Revolution of 1933: An Analysis. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1975.

Roa, Raúl. La revolución del 30 se fue a bolina. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1976.

Rosell, Mirta, ed. Luchas obreras contra Machado. La Habana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1973.

Soto, Lionel. La Revolución del 33. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 1977.

Whitney, Robert. State and Revolution in Cuba: Mass Mobilization and Political Change, 1920-1940. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001. 

Resources on the World Wide Web:

Berggren, Fritz. 1 Nov. 2001. Machado: An Historical Reinterpretation. 13 Apr. 2002 http://www.text.net/machado/.